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Social affordance
Social affordance is a type of affordance. It refers to the properties of an object or environment that permit social actions. Social affordance is most often used in the context of a social technology such as Wiki, Chat and Facebook applications. Social affordances emerge from the coupling between the behavioral and cognitive capacities of a given organism and the objective properties of its environment.〔L. Kaufmann and F. Clément, (“How Culture Comes to Mind : From Social Affordances to Cultural Analogies,” ) Intellectica, vol. 2, p7, 2007.〕 Social affordances refer as reciprocal interactions between computer related applications and users. These social interactions include users’ responses, social accessibility and society related changes. Social affordances are not synonymous with mere factual, statistical frequency; on the contrary, the social normality of primitive forms of coordination can become normative, even in primate societies.〔L. Kaufmann and F. Clément, (“How Culture Comes to Mind : From Social Affordances to Cultural Analogies,” ) Intellectica, vol. 2, p9, 2007.〕 A good example clarifies social affordance〔K. Kreijns and P. A. Kirschner,(“Session T1F THE SOCIAL AFFORDANCES OF COMPUTER-SUPPORTED COLLABORATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS Session T1F,” ) Proceedings of the 31st ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, p15, 2001.〕 as followed: “ A wooden bench is supposed to have a sit affordance. A hiker who has walked for hours and passes the wooden bench on a walk along small country roads might perceive the sit affordance of the wooden bench as a function of the degree of fatigue. A very tired hiker will sit on the wooden bench but will not lie down (unless the wooden bench also has a lie affordance). A still fit hiker, however, might not even pick up on the sit affordance of the bench and pass it. The wooden bench is in that case no more than a piece of wood with no further meaning.”
==Affordance==
Affordance is a term introduced by psychologist James J. Gibson. In his 1979 book "The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception," he writes: “The affordances of the environment are what it offers the animal, what it provides or furnishes, either for good or ill. The verb to afford is found in the dictionary, but the noun affordance is not. I have made it up. I mean by it something that refers to both the environment and the animal in a way that no existing term does. It implies the complementarily of the animal and the environment”〔James J. Gibson (1979), ''The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, p127'' ISBN 0-89859-959-8.〕
Possibilities for motor action — or what Gibson〔James J. Gibson (1979), ''The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception,'' ISBN 0-89859-959-8.〕 termed affordances — depend on the match between environmental conditions and actors’ physical characteristics.〔Adolph & Berger (2006), ''Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2:Cognition, Perception, and Language.''〕〔S. Ishak, K. E. Adolph, and G. C. Lin, “Perceiving Affordances for Fitting through Apertures,” J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 1501–1514, 2009.〕 An example can clarify this term; when a person goes through a door, either the person is thin enough or the door is wide enough to let the person get in.〔J. M. Franchak, D. J. Van Der Zalm, and K. E. Adolph,(“Learning by doing: Action performance facilitates affordance perception” ) John M., Vision res., vol. 50, no. 24, pp. 2758–2765, 2011〕 Affordances are relational properties; they are neither in the environment nor in the perceiver, but are derived from the ecological relationship between the perceiver and the perceived so that the perceiver and perceived are logically interdependent.〔L. Kaufmann and F. Clément, (“How Culture Comes to Mind : From Social Affordances to Cultural Analogies,” ) Intellectica, vol. 2, pp. 1–30, 2007〕
This psychological term then evolves for uses in many fields: perceptual psychology, cognitive psychology, environmental psychology, industrial design, human–computer interaction, interaction design, instructional design and artificial intelligence.
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